public health and environmental safety.

The report notes that burning fossil fuels, especially in coal power plants and petrol-based vehicles, is the main cause behind this deadly pollution. The economic loss from pollution-related health issues was estimated at nearly USD 340 billion, which is about 9.5% of India’s GDP.

While some government departments have questioned the exact number of deaths, health experts say the impact is “severe and undeniable” and warn that strong pollution control measures are needed immediately.

What is PM 2.5, and why is it harmful?

PM 2.5 refers to very fine particles that are about 30 times thinner than a human hair. Because of their tiny size, these particles can easily travel deep into the lungs and enter the bloodstream.

This can lead to:

  • Asthma and respiratory infections

  • Heart problems

  • Reduced lung function

  • Chronic lung diseases

  • Increased risk of early death

Children, the elderly, and people with existing health conditions are more likely to be affected. The World Health Organization has described PM 2.5 as one of the most dangerous pollutants worldwide.

The report shows that India’s pollution problem is mainly caused by human-made emissions.

  • Coal power plants were linked to nearly 300,000 deaths in 2022.

  • Petrol vehicles were linked to around 269,000 deaths.

In many rural areas, traditional fuels used for cooking and heating also contribute to high pollution exposure inside homes.

The report points out that deaths linked to PM 2.5 exposure were more than three times the number of COVID-19 deaths in the same year, making air pollution one of India’s largest public health emergencies.

The financial cost of pollution-related health issues was about USD 339.4 billion in 2022. Apart from medical costs, pollution also:

  • Reduces worker productivity

  • Increases heat-related illnesses

  • Damages crops and ecosystems

The report also notes that India’s preparedness for clean energy transition declined in 2024, suggesting tougher challenges ahead unless stronger policies are introduced.