A pioneering study released on August 12, 2024, has unveiled the presence of a substantial underground water reservoir on Mars, which could potentially fill the planet's oceans. This revelation, derived from seismic data obtained by NASA's InSight lander, carries profound implications for our comprehension of Mars' geological evolution and the prospects for life on the Red Planet.

The investigation, spearheaded by Vashan Wright from the Scripps Institution of Oceanography at the University of California, San Diego, suggests that this reservoir is situated approximately 7 to 12 miles (11.5 to 20 kilometers) below the Martian surface. It is thought that the water is contained within minute fissures and pores in fractured igneous rocks, which were formed through the cooling of magma. This significant discovery was facilitated by the analysis of seismic data gathered during InSight's mission, which spanned from 2018 to 2022 and documented over 1,300 marsquakes.

The discovery of a significant volume of liquid water located beneath the Martian surface provides valuable information regarding the planet's climatic history. Co-author Michael Manga notes that the presence of this reservoir implies that Mars may have experienced a more temperate climate in its past, which could have been conducive to the development of life. He remarked, " Water is necessary for life as we know it. I don’t see why it is not a habitable environment."

InSight Lander
Image Source: Star Walk

Additionally, Alberto Fairen, a planetary scientist at Cornell University, highlighted that this finding reveals the existence of liquid water in the Martian subsurface today, not merely as isolated bodies of water but rather as water-saturated sediments or aquifers. This environment could potentially serve as a suitable habitat for microbial life, akin to ecosystems found in the deep subsurface of Earth.

While the enthusiasm surrounding this finding is palpable, the task of accessing the water presents considerable obstacles. Drilling to such profound depths on Mars would demand cutting-edge technology and extensive resources, as existing capabilities are already constrained on Earth. Wright emphasized that even drilling a mere half a mile deep on our planet poses a significant challenge, indicating that reaching the Martian reservoir would require extraordinary efforts.

The research indicates that if the conditions at the InSight landing site in Elysium Planitia are indicative of the entire planet, the subterranean water could potentially create a global ocean with a depth of one to two kilometers. Nevertheless, confirming the existence of this water and searching for signs of life will necessitate additional missions and advancements in technology.

For many years, the scientific community has engaged in discussions regarding the existence of water on Mars, with initial observations indicating the presence of canals and polar ice formations. By the end of the 20th century, missions such as Viking 2 validated that the polar ice caps contained frozen water, while later missions, including the Mars Global Surveyor, revealed signs of ancient lake beds and river channels, suggesting that Mars was significantly more humid in its past than it is currently. Nevertheless, these observations were primarily indirect and did not substantiate the existence of substantial bodies of liquid water.

You might also be interested in - Sunita Williams' ISS mission might stretch to 8 months; SpaceX steps in after NASA's Starliner fails to return